In China, although lithium batteries are flammable and explosive, they are classified as general solid waste under code 900-013-S17 in the Catalogue for the Classification and Codes of Solid Wastes. This classification is mainly due to their recyclability — valuable metals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel can be recovered through specialized recycling processes for resource reuse.
Although not classified as hazardous waste, used lithium batteries must still be managed as Class 9 dangerous goods during transport. They require Type II packaging and must comply with specific regulations for different transport modes, such as sea and air.
Storage and handling are also strictly regulated. Companies must be equipped with adequate fire protection facilities, ensure storage areas meet at least Class C fire safety standards, and maintain a comprehensive safety management system.
Internationally, the EU directly categorizes used lithium batteries as hazardous waste, while the U.S. differentiates between “intact” and “damaged” batteries—managing them as universal waste or hazardous waste, respectively.
Overall, China adopts a “general waste classification with strict process control” approach. This model promotes resource recovery while ensuring environmental safety through comprehensive oversight across the entire lifecycle.
